Impacto da iluminação natural e artificial na disponibilidade de macro-invertebrados bentónicos para as aves limícolas

Tese de mestrado em Ecologia Marinha, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2015

Florescimento e frutificação do maracujazeiro-amarelo submetido à iluminação artificial, irrigação e sombreamento

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Caracterização físico-química de frutos de maracujazeiro-amarelo submetidos à iluminação artificial, irrigação e sombreamento

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Control of lunar and martian dust - Experimental insights from artificial and natural cyanobacterial and algal crusts in the desert of Inner Mongolia, China

Studies on the colonization of environmentally extreme ground surfaces were conducted in a Mars-like desert area of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, with microalgae and cyanobacteria. We collected and mass-cultured cyanobacterial strains from these regions and investigated their ability to form desert crusts artificially. These crusts had the capacity to resist sand wind erosion after just 15 days of growth. Similar to the surface of some Chinese deserts, the surface of Mars is characterized by a layer of fine dust, which will challenge future human exploration activities, particularly in confined spaces that will include greenhouses and habitats. We discuss the use of such crusts for the local control of desert sands in enclosed spaces on Mars. These experiments suggest innovative new directions in the applied use of microbe-mineral interactions to advance the human exploration and settlement of space.

Colonização por macroinvertebrados bentônicos em substrato artificial e natural em um riacho da serra de Itatinga, São Paulo, Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparison of artificial and natural, new and reused, brackish water for the larviculture of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in a recirculating system

Differences in culture duration, metamorphosis rate and the productivity in hatchery culture of M. rosenbergii using a closed system with natural and artificial brackish water were evaluated. Reuse of brackish water in more than one hatchery cycle was also evaluated. Natural and artificial brackish water constituted the two tested treatments, which were distributed in four independent recirculating systems (tank and respective biofilter). Four batches of cultures were conducted and the 2nd and 4th reused the water from the 1st and 3rd, respectively. Mean duration of the hatchery period was 28 d in natural brackish water and 31 d in artificial brackish water. The metamorphosis rate and the average productivity for the natural brackish water treatment were 74% and 60 postlarvae/ L. respectively, and values obtained with artificial brackish water were 55% and 44 postlarvae/L. The successful hatchery culture of M. rosenbergii in this specific artificial brackish water suggests its potential use in enterprises located far from the coast. Brackish water can be used in two consecutive cultures without a negative effect on productivity.

Artificial and natural radioactivity in edible mushrooms from Sao Paulo, Brazil

Environmental biomonitoring has demonstrated that organisms such as crustaceans, fish and mushrooms are useful to evaluate and monitor both ecosystem contamination and quality. Particularly, some mushroom species have a high capacity to retain radionuclides and some toxic elements from the soil and the air. The potential of mushrooms to accumulate radionuclides in their fruit-bodies has been well documented. However, there are no studies that determine natural and artificial radionuclide composition in edible mushrooms, in Brazil. Artificial (Cs-137) and natural radioactivity (K-40. Ra-226. Ra-228) were determined in 17 mushroom samples from 3 commercialized edible mushroom species. The edible mushrooms collected were Agaricus sp., Pleurotus sp. and Lentinula sp. species. The activity measurements were carried out by gamma spectrometry. The levels of Cs-137 varied from 1.45 +/- 0.04 to 10.6 +/- 0.3 Bq kg(-1), K-40 levels varied from 461 +/- 2 to 1535 +/- 10 Bq kg(-1), Ra-226 levels varied from 14 +/- 3 to 66 +/- 12 Bq kg(-1) and Ra-228 levels varied from 6.2 +/- 0.2 to 54.2 +/- 1.7 Bq kg(-1). Cs-137 levels in Brazilian mushrooms are in accordance with the radioactive fallout in the Southern Hemisphere. The artificial and natural activities determined in this study were found to be below the maximum permissible levels as established by national legislation. Thus, these mushroom species can be normally consumed by the population without any apparent risks to human health.

Design-based stereology to quantify structural properties of artificial and natural snow using thin sections

The quantification of the structural properties of snow is traditionally based on model-based stereology. Model-based stereology requires assumptions about the shape of the investigated structure. Here, we show how the density, specific surface area, and grain boundary area can be measured using a design-based method, where no assumptions about structural properties are necessary. The stereological results were also compared to X-ray tomography to control the accuracy of the method. The specific surface area calculated with the stereological method was 19.8 ± 12.3% smaller than with X-ray tomography. For the density, the stereological method gave results that were 11.7 ± 12.1% larger than X-ray tomography. The statistical analysis of the estimates confirmed that the stereological method and the sampling used are accurate. This stereological method was successfully tested on artificially produced ice beads but also on several snow types. Combining stereology and polarisation microscopy provides a good estimate of grain boundary areas in ice beads and in natural snow, with some limitatio

Penetration ability and microleakage of a fissure sealant applied on artificial and natural enamel fissure caries

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: This study investigated the sealing ability of a current available unfilled fissure sealant applied over sound (n=80), artificially created (n=80) and naturally carious fissures (n=80) under different humidity conditions (90+/-2 and 45+/-2% relative humidity) and etching times (40 and 60s). All samples were submitted to 5000 thermal cycles and examined by light microscopy after sectioning. Microleakage, penetration ability, fissure type, fissure entrance angle, sealant occlusal length, caries location and caries depth were assessed. RESULTS: The significantly longer sealant occlusal length and larger entrance angle exhibited by shallow fissures, contributed to their higher microleakage and smaller amounts of unfilled areas compared to deep fissures. Sealant microleakage was significantly influenced by the condition of the enamel (sound, artificial and natural caries) and the caries location in the fissures, but not by enamel caries depth (D1 and D2), etching time, or humidity condition. Natural caries exhibited significantly higher microleakage than sound or artificially created carious fissures. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that location of caries in the fissure rather than its depth should be taken into account when applying a fissure sealant. When the borders of the fissure sealant are on carious enamel, a significantly higher microleakage must be expected. The artificial caries model was not a suitable method to assess the behavior of natural fissure caries.

Flora scotica; or, a description of Scottish plants, arranged both according to the artificial and natural methods. In two parts.

Mode of access: Internet.

Artificial vs. natural methods of incubation and brooding of the ringneck pheasant.

Thesis (M. S.) - Cornell Univ., 1921.

Flora scotia; or a description of Scottish plants arranged both according to the artificial and natural methods.

Mode of access: Internet.

The comparative effects of habitat complexity on faunal assemblages of northern temperate artificial and natural reefs

Several north temperate marine species were recorded on subtidal hard-substratum reef sites selected to produce a gradient of structural complexity. The study employed an established scuba-based census method, the belt transect. The three types of reef examined, with a measured gradient of increasing structural complexity, were natural rocky reef, artificial reef constructed of solid concrete blocks, and artificial reef made of concrete blocks with voids. Surveys were undertaken monthly over a calendar year using randomly placed fixed rope transects. For a number of conspicuous species of fish and invertebrates, significant differences were found between the levels of habitat complexity and abundance. Overall abundance for many of the species examined was 2-3 times higher on the complex artificial habitats than on simple artificial or natural reef habitats. The enhanced habitat availability produced by the increased structural complexity delivered through specifically designed artificial reefs may have the potential to augment faunal abundance while promoting species diversity. 

Iluminação hospitalar : estudo de caso : espaços de internação e recuperação

A iluminação hospitalar, nos espaços de permanência dos pacientes, deve levar em conta os requisitos visuais de seus dois grupos principais de usuários: o staff, com vistas a viabilizar a execução de procedimentos médicos, e os pacientes, que devem ter garantias de boas condições de conforto visual. Os requisitos visuais de ambos usuários incluem diversos critérios quantitativos e qualitativos de iluminação. Além do compromisso de iluminar as tarefas visuais e outras atividades, os sistemas de iluminação também são responsáveis pela criação de impressões ambientais, influenciando as respostas emocionais dos usuários. Isso é particularmente importante nos hospitais, uma vez que os mesmos abrigam pessoas fragilizadas e com alto nível de estresse. Contudo, a prática indica que os projetos de iluminação nestes espaços priorizam os requisitos quantitativos, em detrimento da qualidade visual do ambiente ou das respostas emocionais que estes provocam. Similarmente, tais instalações são sujeitas a restrições econômicas impostas pelo alto custo de construção dos hospitais. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo estabelecer diretrizes para projetos de iluminação natural e artificial nos espaços de internação e recuperação dos hospitais, enfatizando os critérios qualitativos envolvidos Assim, foram realizados dois estudos de caso: no Hospital Santa Rita, do Complexo Hospitalar da Santa Casa de Misericórdia e no Hospital Moinhos de Vento, ambos em Porto Alegre. Os espaços estudados nos dois hospitais foram os quartos das unidades de internação, as UTI e as salas de recuperação pós-anestésicas dos centros cirúrgicos. A metodologia utilizada para a avaliação dos sistemas de iluminação natural e artificial destes espaços foi baseada em uma análise comparativa entre as medições das condições de iluminação e o nível de satisfação dos usuários. A análise e interpretação dos resultados dos estudos de caso forneceram subsídios para a identificação de padrões nos projetos de iluminação dos hospitais investigados, assim como características individuais. Como decorrência, foi possível elaborar princípios gerais de projeto e diretrizes específicas para a iluminação natural e artificial dos espaços de internação e recuperação, os quais consideram as implicações dos aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos destes sistemas no conforto visual dos usuários.

A iluminação natural em hotelaria de lazer : estudo de caso de um hotel hidrotermal no Paraná

A busca da solução ideal entre os fenômenos naturais para conforto na habitação de um modo geral e na hotelaria de lazer de forma especifica, constitui um desafio para profissionais e proprietários desse tipo de edificações. As variáveis e condicionantes da região de localização do prédio e o domínio no assunto, tem levado alguns profissionais da área a acreditar que podem alterar o espaço em que o homem vive modificando o comportamento do meio (Enarch, 1983). Estudos específicos na área de conforto ambiental mostram, que a utilização correta dos meios em uso na aplicação da energia disponível e que a correta implantação da obra no sitio podem reduzir consideravelmente o consumo energético, proporcionando o necessário conforto e bem estar ao usuário.O Estudo que aqui é apresentado se propôs de forma sucinta, a traçar um rápido panorama da historia da hotelaria de lazer, desde tempos antigos, com o inicio das primeiras jornadas romanas, até os dias de hoje, procurando identificar quais os critérios adotados para aproveitamento de iluminação e ventilação natural na arquitetura de hotéis de lazer Na seqüência situou-se a história da hotelaria de lazer no Brasil. No terceiro capitulo foram abordados, alguns exemplos significativos da arquitetura brasileira na década de 50, que influenciaram a primeira manifestação da arquitetura de hotel voltado ao bem estar, no Paraná. No quarto capitulo é apresentada a primeira e discreta participação do exemplo paranaense, com a adoção de alguns aspectos, no que se refere ao aproveitamento natural da iluminação e ventilação natural.O estudo de caso, finalmente buscou encontrar traços referenciais, do hotel tomado como objeto da pesquisa, procurando identificar, os critérios adotados quando presentes, para redução de consumo de energia e para conforto ambiental na hotelaria de lazer apresentada.